Published on 20 Aug 2025

Empowering Cultural Safety in Medical Education: Development of a cultural safety framework and training plan

Marnie Carter Evaluation Lead Contact me

With a growing focus on healthcare equity for Māori, the Council of Medical Colleges needed clear insights, based on evidence, to support a shift in training from cultural competence to cultural safety.  Medical Colleges faced a challenge – most training programmes still focused on cultural competence (learning about other cultures) rather than developing critical awareness of personal biases, power dynamics and structural inequities. A clear roadmap was needed to support Colleges to transform their training programmes.

Allen + Clarke partnered with the Council of Medical Colleges and Te Ohu Rata o Aotearoa (Te ORA) to develop a cultural safety framework and training plan. We completed a literature review of academic and grey literature and engaged with six medical colleges to assess their current curricula.  Using this research we were able to identify gaps in current practice, and develop an evidence based practical framework for medical colleges to design an effective cultural safety curriculum.

We delivered:

·         A comprehensive review of evidence in academic literature and grey material

·         Strategic analysis of current training practices across six diverse medical colleges

·         A practical rubric that clearly distinguished cultural safety from related concepts such as cultural competence

·         A practical framework that medical colleges can use to design an effective cultural safety curriculum.

See the full report here
We highlighted the need to embed cultural safety across curricula rather than treating it as an add on, the need to develop assessment tools that capture knowledge, behaviour and patient experience and explicitly examine power dynamics in training.

Combining vocational medicine training expertise with kaupapa Māori research methodologies

Our team brought together expertise in kaupapa Māori research methodologies and knowledge of vocational medical training. This ensured that te ao Māori perspectives remained central throughout our work. 


  • Website Generic Icons 1200x1200 GREEN 31 Building strong foundations - we started with collaborative scoping meetings to co-design the process with Te ORA and CMC.
  • Website Generic Icons 1200x1200 GREEN 31 Gathered and analysed evidence - our team reviewed 41 literature sources and 24 training documents, complemented by interviews with representatives from six medical colleges.
  • Website Generic Icons 1200x1200 GREEN 31 Developed a usable framework - we created a cultural safety training framework based on Medical College NZ's Statement on Cultural Safety and evidence from the literature, which medical colleges are using to inform the development of their curricula.
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Our review identified cultural safety gaps

Our findings identified a clear direction forward. While showing that most current training sits within the cultural competence domain, we highlighted specific gaps that need addressing to achieve true cultural safety including: 


  • Structured factors were overlooked - curriculum often focused on individual doctor-patient interactions without addressing systemic issues. Self-reflection was encouraged but rarely addressed privilege, racism or structural bias. 

  • Training was too brief - programmes often relied on short workshops which proved inadequate for meaningful transformation. 

  • Organisational commitment was vital - colleges showed genuine interest in improvement but lacked the shared tools and standards to be successful. 

  • Patient perspectives were missing - assessment methods rarely included feedback from culturally diverse people receiving care. 

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